Research on the atkins diet
Based on previous trials, we projected a 6. 1 kg on a calibrated clinical scale. Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. There were no substantive differences in any of these findings compared with the analyses with baseline values carried forward and, therefore, only the primary analyses are presented. The primary emphasis for the Ornish group was no more than 10% of energy from fat. Each group received specific target goals according to the emphasis of the assigned diet. 34, and 5. Author Affiliations: Stanford Prevention Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, Calif. The LEARN group was instructed to follow a prudent diet that included 55% to 60% energy from carbohydrate and less than 10% energy from saturated fat, caloric restriction, increased exercise, and behavior modification strategies. At the 2- and 6-month intermediate time points, the weight change for the Atkins group was significantly greater than for all other groups ( P P. National dietary weight loss guidelines (ie, energy-restricted, low in fat, high in carbohydrate) 7 have been challenged, particularly by proponents of low-carbohydrate diets. Participant enrollment began in February 2003, and the study ended in October 2005. Factors in an Analysis in Which Baseline Values Were Carried Forward in the. Differences among diets for 12-month changes from baseline were tested by ANOVA. In this study, premenopausal overweight and obese women assigned to follow the Atkins diet, which had the lowest carbohydrate intake, lost more weight and experienced more favorable overall metabolic effects at 12 months than women assigned to follow the Zone, Ornish, or LEARN diets. 0. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. The study was approved annually by the Stanford University Human Subjects Committee. 3-kg SD of weight change. Overall, the LEARN manual has the greatest emphasis on behavior modification strategies. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR, Kraemer HC, King AC. Several recent trials compared low-carbohydrate vs traditional low-fat, high-carbohydrate weight-loss diets. Weight loss at 12 months was the primary outcome. A single-center randomized trial at an academic medical center in Boston. Popular diets, particularly those low in carbohydrates, have challenged current recommendations advising a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet for weight loss. There were no significant group differences at baseline in percentage of energy from carbohydrate, fat, or protein or in grams of saturated fat or fiber, except for a borderline significant difference in percentage of energy from fat between Atkins and LEARN ( P. 8, 9, 18, 19 The guidelines for the Zone and LEARN diets incorporated specific goals for energy restriction, while for the Atkins and Ornish diets, there were no specific energy restriction goals. 31, 32 The primary analysis was conducted applying intention-to-treat methods with baseline values carried forward for missing values. The selected minimal clinically significant between-group difference in weight change was 2. The scarcity of data addressing the health effects of popular diets. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. Energy expenditure was assessed using the well-established Stanford 7-day physical activity recall. The Ornish and Zone books suggest some stimulus-control strategies but on the whole do not emphasize behavior modification, whereas both the Atkins and LEARN books suggest multiple strategies, such as relapse preparation and planning strategies and goal setting. 7-kg difference for 12-month weight change between groups. Participants were enrolled in 4 cohorts, with the first cohort starting in February 2003 and the last cohort starting in September 2004. 35 (Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis). NIH policy and guidelines on the inclusion of women and minorities. Also for exploratory purposes, all analyses of weight and secondary outcome measures were tested using only available data, without using baseline values carried forward for missing data or other imputation methods. While questions remain about long-term effects and mechanisms, a low-carbohydrate, high-protein, high-fat diet may be considered a feasible alternative recommendation for weight loss. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets. Research and Health Policy Studies (Drs Griffith and Selker), Tufts-New England. The curves in the weight change by dietary adherence plot indicate the quadratic. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. 20. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults—the Evidence Report: National Institutes of Health. Height was measured to the nearest millimeter using a standard wall-mounted stadiometer. Local foods not found in the comprehensive database were added to the database manually. Thus, with 4 treatment groups and a projected 75 participants per group, the study was designed to have 80% power to detect a 2. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets for Weight Loss and Heart Disease Risk Reduction A Randomized Trial. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors Among Overweight Premenopausal Women The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial. The LEARN program is intended to be a 16-week program and, therefore, the 8 weeks of guidance through this book reflected an accelerated time frame, which was necessary to match the time frame given for the other 3 diet groups. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Study Flow Diagram of Participants View Large Download BMI indicates body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided. 7 kg (6 lb, approximately 3% for a 180-lb individual). 33, 4. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review. Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program. 05. Data collectors were trained and certified by the Nutrition Coordinating Center. Baseline values were carried forward in cases of missing data. One-Year Changes in Body Weight.
To assess adherence rates and the effectiveness of 4 popular diets (Atkins. Weight Change Relative to Baseline View Large Download Baseline values were carried forward for any missing values. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). For exploratory purposes, ancillary analyses were conducted to determine the effect of diet group assignment on secondary outcomes at 12 months after adjusting for changes in weight loss using linear regression. 05. Scores of All 4 Diet Groups, According to Study Month View Large Download Possible range of self-rated adherence level was from 1 (none) to 10. Clinic and laboratory staff members were blinded to treatment assignment. Attendance was not different by diet group ( P. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. 5. The Tukey studentized range test was used to adjust for multiple testing. Blood samples were collected after a 10-hour or longer fast. Total energy expenditure was slightly higher for the Ornish group vs the other 3 groups at baseline but was not significantly different among groups at any subsequent time point ( Table 1 ). Participant Flow Through the Trial View Large Download Figure 2. Relative to baseline, there was a modest and significant mean increase ( P. At subsequent time points the diets were statistically different in carbohydrate content, progressing from low to high across the Atkins, Zone, LEARN, and Ornish groups. At 12 months, the patterns of nutrient differences between groups were still present, but the magnitude of differences was diminished. Between-group differences in dietary intake at each time point were tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Physical activity assessment methodology in the Five-City Project. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. The primary study objective was to examine the effects of diets and gradations of carbohydrate intake on weight loss and related metabolic variables in overweight and obese premenopausal women. All data were collected at baseline, 2, 6, and 12 months. Potential benefits and risks have not been tested adequately. Diabetes, and Metabolism (Drs Dansinger and Schaefer), and Institute for Clinical. Weight loss was greater for women in the Atkins diet group compared with the other diet groups at 12 months, and mean 12-month weight loss was significantly different between the Atkins and Zone diets ( P Conclusions. To compare 4 weight-loss diets representing a spectrum of low to high carbohydrate intake for effects on weight loss and related metabolic variables. Improvement in medical risk factors and quality of life in women and. Between-group differences in patterns of nutrient intake were largest at 2 months. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise. Figure 3. The reverse pattern, higher to lower intakes, was statistically significant for protein, fat, and saturated fat at all time points. This same pattern was observed for fiber intake. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. Whole-body fat oxidation rate and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations. The recalls occurred on 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day per time point, on nonconsecutive days whenever possible. However, relative to baseline, there was a significant mean decrease in reported energy intake at all postrandomization time points ( P. Additional recommendations given for physical activity, nutritional supplements, and behavioral strategies were consistent with those presented in each diet book. At all time points, the statistically significant findings for HDL-C and triglycerides concentrations favored the Atkins group ( Table 3 ). Zone, Weight Watchers, and Ornish) for weight loss and cardiac risk factor. Dietary intake data were collected by telephone-administered, 3-day, unannounced, 24-hour dietary recalls using Nutrition Data System for Research software, versions 4. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0. Participants were recruited from the local community, primarily through media advertisements. Each diet group attended 1-hour classes led by a registered dietitian once per week for 8 weeks and covered approximately one eighth of their respective books per class. For statistically significant ANOVAs, all pairwise comparisons among the 4 diets were tested using the Tukey studentized range adjustment. Range of standard deviation for all 4 diet groups was from 1. A range of behavior modification techniques were discussed during the 2-month classes. Statistical testing of changes from baseline to 2 months and to 6 months using pairwise comparisons are presented for descriptive purposes. 8, 9 However, limited evidence has been available to effectively evaluate other diets. Outcomes were assessed at months 0, 2, 6, and 12. 06. The primary objective was to test whether any of the 4 diets, representing a spectrum of carbohydrate intake, was more effective than any other in 12-month weight loss. Randomization was conducted in blocks of 24 (6 per treatment group) and occurred by having a blinded research technician select folded pieces of paper with group assignments from an opaque envelope. All statistical tests were 2-tailed using a significance level of. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite c ompensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Premenopausal women aged 25 to 50 years were invited to enroll if their body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) was 27 to 40, body weight was stable over the previous 2 months, and medications were stable for at least 3 months. 9 to 3. 10, 11. Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio, C-Reactive Protein, and Insulin as a Function. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Overview of the Activity Counseling Trial (ACT) intervention for promoting physical activity in primary health care settings. The ongoing obesity epidemic, 1 along with its health costs and consequences 2 and the health benefits of weight loss, 3 -. 12 -.
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Research on the atkins diet
